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Analysis Aspect
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Details
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Standard Compliance
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Conforms to ASTM A815, which is a crucial standard for wrought ferritic, ferritic/austenitic, and martensitic stainless steel fittings of seamless and welded construction. This standard ensures high - quality materials and manufacturing processes.
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Material
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Usually made of duplex or super duplex stainless steel, such as UNS S31803 (2205). The chemical composition includes elements like chromium (21.0 - 23.0%), nickel (4.5 - 6.5%), molybdenum (2.5 - 3.5%), manganese (max 2.0%), silicon (max 1.0%), nitrogen (0.08 - 0.20%), carbon (max 0.03%), phosphorus (max 0.03%), and sulfur (max 0.02%). These elements contribute to excellent corrosion resistance and high strength.
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Manufacturing Process
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- Precision forming techniques are employed. For seamless elbows, processes like hot - rolling, cold - drawing, or extrusion may be used to achieve accurate dimensions and a smooth inner surface. - Welded elbows (if applicable) are fabricated using high - quality welding methods. The steel can be melted by electric furnace, vacuum furnace, or electric furnace followed by vacuum or electroslag - consumable remelting. - Heat treatment is often carried out to optimize the mechanical properties of the material, following specific cooling and tempering procedures.
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Mechanical Properties
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- High yield strength, which allows the elbows to withstand significant internal pressure. For example, materials like UNS S31803 have a high yield strength value suitable for demanding applications. - Good tensile strength, ensuring the elbows can resist stretching forces without failure. - Adequate elongation, providing ductility so that the elbows can deform slightly under stress without cracking.
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Dimensional Accuracy
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- Outer diameter and wall thickness tolerances are tightly controlled. For different sizes, the outer diameter tolerance may be within a certain percentage of the nominal value (e.g., ±1% for some applications), and wall thickness tolerance is also specified precisely to ensure proper fit and performance in pipeline systems. - The center - to - face dimensions for 45 - degree and 90 - degree elbows are accurately maintained according to relevant standards, such as ASME B16.9.
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Flow Characteristics
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- The smooth inner surface of the elbows results in low - flow resistance. This minimizes pressure loss as fluids (such as corrosive chemicals, oil, gas, or water) flow through the pipeline, improving the overall efficiency of the fluid transportation system. - The well - defined angles (45 - degree or 90 - degree) and proper radius design ensure a smooth transition of fluid flow, reducing turbulence.
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Weldability
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The duplex and super duplex stainless steel materials used in ASTM A815 elbows have good weldability. This enables easy and reliable connection to other pipeline components through welding, ensuring leak - tight and strong joints in the pipeline network.
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Application Range
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- Widely used in the oil and gas industry for transporting oil, gas, and associated fluids. Their corrosion resistance and high - pressure resistance make them suitable for both onshore and offshore pipelines. - Applied in chemical plants for handling various corrosive chemicals. - Utilized in power generation facilities, such as in cooling water systems or in pipelines transporting corrosive by - products. - Used in water treatment plants, especially in sections where the water may have a high level of impurities or corrosive substances.
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Size Range
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Available in a wide range of sizes. The outside diameter can vary from as small as 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) to as large as 48 inches (1219.2 mm) or even larger in some cases. Wall thickness options include SCH5S, SCH10S, SCH10, SCH20, SCH30, SCH40S, STD, SCH40, SCH60, SCH80S, XS, SCH80, SCH100, SCH120, SCH140, SCH160, XXS, etc., to meet different pressure and application requirements.
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Surface Finish
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- Can have a pickled surface finish, which helps to remove oxides and improve corrosion resistance. - Sand - blasted surface finish can be provided for better adhesion of coatings if further protection is required. - Polished surface finish is available for applications where a smooth surface is crucial for minimizing friction or for aesthetic reasons. - Annealed surface finish is also an option to relieve internal stresses and improve the material's ductility.
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